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Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. [1] As such, the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.
Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state caused by uncontrolled production of ketone bodies that cause a metabolic acidosis.While ketosis refers to any elevation of blood ketones, ketoacidosis is a specific pathologic condition that results in changes in blood pH and requires medical attention.
Common symptoms of ketosis are anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and nausea, sometimes progressing to vomiting. [7] However, the diagnosis of ketotic hypoglycemia poses a challenge to clinicians, given how nonspecific symptoms can be and given that children in this age range are typically unable to describe their symptoms. [ 2 ]
Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. Physiological ketosis is a normal response to low glucose availability. . In physiological ketosis, ketones in the blood are elevated above baseline levels, but the body's acid–base homeostasis is maintain
During ketosis, however, acetyl-CoA from fatty acids yields ketone bodies, including acetone, and up to ~60% of acetone may be oxidized in the liver to the pyruvate precursors acetol and methylglyoxal. [19] [4] Thus ketone bodies derived from fatty acids could account for up to 11% [citation needed] of gluconeogenesis during starvation.
The ketogenic diet is beneficial in treating the seizures and some other symptoms in these diseases and is an absolute indication. [38] However, it is absolutely contraindicated in the treatment of other diseases such as pyruvate carboxylase deficiency , porphyria , and other rare genetic disorders of fat metabolism . [ 19 ]
Ketogenesis pathway. The three ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxy-butyrate) are marked within orange boxes. Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.
Parasitic bronchitis, also known as hoose, husk, or verminous bronchitis, [1] is a disease of sheep, cattle, goats, [2] and swine caused by the presence of various species of parasite, commonly known as lungworms, [3] in the bronchial tubes or in the lungs. It is marked by cough, dyspnea, anorexia and constipation.