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His leadership continued as he became the Director of the General Security Department I in 2009, and in July 2010, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General. Tô Lâm's influence grew as he was appointed Deputy Minister of Public Security in August 2010 and became a member of the Party Central Committee during the 11th National Congress of the ...
The boot loader hands control over to the kernel, which initializes the various devices to a known state and makes the computer ready for general operations. [10] The kernel is responsible for managing tasks (i.e., for managing the CPU's time) and communicating between tasks. [11] The fundamental service provided by the kernel is context switching.
In C and C++, keywords and standard library identifiers are mostly lowercase. In the C standard library, abbreviated names are the most common (e.g. isalnum for a function testing whether a character is alphanumeric), while the C++ standard library often uses an underscore as a word separator (e.g. out_of_range).
All new types are defined in <inttypes.h> header (cinttypes header in C++) and also are available at <stdint.h> header (cstdint header in C++). The types can be grouped into the following categories: Exact-width integer types that are guaranteed to have the same number n of bits across all implementations. Included only if it is available in ...
Moreover, C++11 allows foreach loops to be applied to any class that provides the begin and end functions. It's then possible to write generator-like classes by defining both the iterable methods (begin and end) and the iterator methods (operator!=, operator++ and operator*) in the same class. For example, it is possible to write the following ...
Unlike C and C++, Objective-C includes an #import directive that is like #include but results in a file being included only once – eliminating the need for include guards and #pragma once. The Objective-C directive should not be confused with the C++ keyword import , which is used to import C++ modules (since C++20 ), and is not a ...
C++ (1985) was originally called "C with Classes." [24] It was designed to expand C's capabilities by adding the object-oriented facilities of the language Simula. [25] An object-oriented module is composed of two files. The definitions file is called the header file. Here is a C++ header file for the GRADE class in a simple school application:
Depending on the language, an explicit assignment sign may be used in place of the equal sign (and some languages require the word int even in the numerical case). An optional step-value (an increment or decrement ≠ 1) may also be included, although the exact syntaxes used for this differ a bit more between the languages.