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While none of the main four species of malaria parasite that cause human infections are known to have animal reservoirs, [360] P. knowlesi is known to infect both humans and non-human primates. [52] Other non-human primate malarias (particularly P. cynomolgi and P. simium ) have also been found to have spilled over into humans. [ 361 ]
In light infections, symptoms may be mild and can go unrecognized. [26] The most common species to cause intestinal schistosomiasis are S. mansoni and S. japonicum, however, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum can also cause this disease. [26] Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain and discomfort [19] Loss of appetite [19]
Sometimes a fistula is deliberately surgically created as part of a treatment, for example in the case of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. [6] The treatment for a fistula varies depending on the type, cause, and severity of the fistula, but often involves surgical intervention combined with antibiotic therapy. In some cases the ...
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen.This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. [2] Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites, P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death, often due to splenomegaly (a pathologically enlarged spleen).
Blackwater fever is a serious complication of malaria, but cerebral malaria has a higher mortality rate. Blackwater fever is much less common today than it was before 1950. [4] It may be that quinine plays a role in triggering the condition, [5] and this drug is no longer commonly used for malaria prophylaxis. Quinine remains important for ...
Before the person undergoes surgery, treatment and evaluation are needed for conditions including anemia, malnutrition, and malaria. Quality treatment in low-resource settings are possible (as in the cases of Nigeria and Ethiopia). [16] Treatment is available through reconstructive surgery. [53] Primary fistula repair has a 91% success rate. [46]
Malaria prophylaxis is the preventive treatment of malaria. Several malaria vaccines are under development. For pregnant women who are living in malaria endemic areas, routine malaria chemoprevention is recommended. It improves anemia and parasite level in the blood for the pregnant women and the birthweight in their infants. [1]
P. malariae can infect several species of mosquito and can cause malaria in humans. [2] P. malariae can be maintained at very low infection rates among a sparse and mobile population because unlike the other Plasmodium parasites, it can remain in a human host for an extended period of time and still remain infectious to mosquitoes. [8]