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Example of a spinner together with a text box, placed above a check box. A spinner or numeric updown is a graphical control element with which a user may adjust a value in an adjoining text box by either clicking on an up or down arrow, by pressing an arrow key down or moving mouse wheel, [1] causing the value in the text box to increase (if the up arrow is held down) or decrease (if the down ...
A modification of Lagged-Fibonacci generators. A SWB generator is the basis for the RANLUX generator, [19] widely used e.g. for particle physics simulations. Maximally periodic reciprocals: 1992 R. A. J. Matthews [20] A method with roots in number theory, although never used in practical applications. KISS: 1993 G. Marsaglia [21]
Ron Rivest used pi to generate the S-box of the MD2 hash. [4]Ron Rivest used the trigonometric sine function to generate constants for the widely used MD5 hash. [5]The U.S. National Security Agency used the square roots of the first eight prime integers to produce the hash constants in their "Secure Hash Algorithm" functions, SHA-1 and SHA-2. [6]
Dice are an example of a mechanical hardware random number generator. When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols is generated that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance.
Random numbers are frequently used in algorithms such as Knuth's 1964-developed algorithm [1] for shuffling lists. (popularly known as the Knuth shuffle or the Fisher–Yates shuffle, based on work they did in 1938). In 1999, a new feature was added to the Pentium III: a hardware-based random number generator.
Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.
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A linear congruential generator with base b = 2 32 is implemented as + = (+) , where c is a constant. If a ≡ 1 (mod 4) and c is odd, the resulting base-2 32 congruential sequence will have period 2 32.