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  2. Plasmid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid

    The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [11] [12] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...

  3. Bacterial cell structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

    Since the cell wall is required for bacterial survival, but is absent in some eukaryotes, several antibiotics (notably the penicillins and cephalosporins) stop bacterial infections by interfering with cell wall synthesis, while having no effects on human cells which have no cell wall, only a cell membrane

  4. Genetic transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_transformation

    Exposing intact yeast cells to alkali cations such as those of caesium or lithium allows the cells to take up plasmid DNA. [47] Later protocols adapted this transformation method, using lithium acetate, polyethylene glycol, and single-stranded DNA. [48] In these protocols, the single-stranded DNA preferentially binds to the yeast cell wall ...

  5. Pilus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilus

    3-The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell. 4-Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors. A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; pl.: pili) is a hair-like cell-surface appendage found on many bacteria and archaea. [1]

  6. Subcellular localization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcellular_localization

    The cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall are subcellular localizations, whereas the extracellular environment is clearly not. Most Gram-negative bacteria also contain an outer membrane and periplasmic space. Unlike eukaryotes, most bacteria contain no membrane-bound organelles, however there are some exceptions (i.e. magnetosomes).

  7. Hfr cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfr_cell

    F-prime cell contains F-plasmid that integrates with the chromosomal DNA and carries part of the chromosomal DNA along with it while being excised from the chromosome. Thus F-prime plasmid is the plasmid, containing part of the chromosomal DNA which can be transferred to recipient cell, along with the plasmid during conjugation. [4]

  8. Plasmid partition system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid_partition_system

    A plasmid partition system is a mechanism that ensures the stable inheritance of plasmids during bacterial cell division. Each plasmid has its independent replication system which controls the number of copies of the plasmid in a cell. The higher the copy number, the more likely the two daughter cells will contain the plasmid.

  9. Cell wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall

    A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665. [3] However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.