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Channel catfish quickly became the major catfish grown, as it was hardy and easily spawned in earthen ponds. By the late 1960s, the industry moved into the Mississippi Delta as farmers struggled with sagging profits in cotton , rice and soybeans , especially on those farm areas where soils had a very high clay content.
Callichthyids are fairly small catfish, and range in size from some tiny Corydoras species that do not exceed 2 cm (0.79 in) to Hoplosternum littorale, which some sources list as growing to a length of up to 24 cm (9.4 in) TL. [3] [14] The mouth is small and ventral with one or two pairs of well-developed barbels. [4]
The 2008 global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO totaled 33.8 million tonnes worth about US$60 billion. [6] Although fish farming for food is the most widespread, another major fish farming industry provides living fish for the aquarium trade.
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture [1]), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus).
Very small-scale hatcheries are often utilized in subsistence farming to supply families or communities particularly in south-east Asia. [3] A small-scale hatchery unit consists of larval rearing tanks, filters, live food production tanks and a flow through water supply. [3]
Other freshwater species cultivated on a small scale include catfish, freshwater crayfish and tilapia species. Marine aquaculture is a fast developing sector, with a focus on mussels, oysters, abalone, seaweeds, and prawns. Of these, mussel farming is the best established.
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Many have tried to create automatic control and monitoring systems and some of these demonstrated a level of success. For instance, researchers were able to introduce automation in a small scale aquaponic system to achieve a cost-effective and sustainable farming system. [46] [47] Commercial development of automation technologies has also emerged.