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If left untreated, chlamydia in men can spread to the testicles causing epididymitis, which in rare cases can lead to sterility if not treated. [15] Chlamydia is also a potential cause of prostatic inflammation in men, although the exact relevance in prostatitis is difficult to ascertain due to possible contamination from urethritis. [19]
Chlamydia trachomatis (/ k l ə ˈ m ɪ d i ə t r ə ˈ k oʊ m ə t ɪ s /) is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). [2]
Syphilis is an STI caused by a bacterium. Untreated, it can lead to complications and death. [67] Clinical manifestations of syphilis include the ulceration of the uro-genital tract, mouth or rectum; if left untreated the symptoms worsen.
HIV is a retrovirus, which means it can integrate its genetic material into your cells’ DNA. As cells reproduce, the HIV DNA inside replicates fast and makes mistakes, creating mutations that ...
In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids. [5] [6] Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk.
Mycoplasma genitalium (also known as MG [3], Mgen, or since 2018, Mycoplasmoides genitalium [1]) is a sexually transmitted, [4] small and pathogenic bacterium that lives on the mucous epithelial cells of the urinary and genital tracts in humans. [5] Medical reports published in 2007 and 2015 state that Mgen is becoming increasingly common.
Without treatment it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). [13] Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. [14] An HIV-positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.
Phase variation is similar to antigenic variation, but instead of changes at the genetic level altering the composition of molecules, these genetic changes result in the activation or deactivation of a gene. [9] Phase variation most often arises from a frameshift in the expressed gene. [9]