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  2. Cellular respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

    [2] [better source needed] Respiration can be either aerobic, requiring oxygen, or anaerobic; some organisms can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. [3] [better source needed] The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, producing large amounts of energy (ATP ...

  3. Oxidative phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation

    Oxidative phosphorylation uses these molecules and O 2 to produce ATP, which is used throughout the cell whenever energy is needed. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from the electron donors to a series of electron acceptors in a series of redox reactions ending in oxygen, whose reaction releases half of the total ...

  4. Photophosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophosphorylation

    This is an electron transport chain (ETC). Electron transport chains often produce energy in the form of a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient. The gradient can be used to transport molecules across membranes. Its energy can be used to produce ATP or to do useful work, for instance mechanical work of a rotating bacterial flagella.

  5. Active transport - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport

    There are two types of active transport: primary active transport that uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient. This process is in contrast to passive transport , which allows molecules or ions to move down their concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area ...

  6. Chemiosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis

    An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H +) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (red).

  7. Respiration (physiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)

    Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the diffusion and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.

  8. Phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation

    Phosphorylation allows cells to accumulate sugars because the phosphate group prevents the molecules from diffusing back across their transporter. Phosphorylation of glucose is a key reaction in sugar metabolism. The chemical equation for the conversion of D-glucose to D-glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis is given by:

  9. Adenosine triphosphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate

    ATP serves as a neurotransmitter in many parts of the nervous system, modulates ciliary beating, affects vascular oxygen supply etc. ATP is either secreted directly across the cell membrane through channel proteins [37] [38] or is pumped into vesicles [39] which then fuse with the membrane.