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Microorganisms, or microbes, span all three domains of life – bacteria, archaea, and many unicellular eukaryotes including some fungi and protists.Typically defined as unicellular life forms that can only be observed with a microscope, microorganisms were the first cellular life forms, and were critical for creating the conditions for the evolution of more complex multicellular forms.
Human interactions with microbes include both practical and symbolic uses of microbes, and negative interactions in the form of human, domestic animal, and crop diseases. Practical use of microbes began in ancient times with fermentation in food processing ; bread , beer and wine have been produced by yeasts from the dawn of civilisation, such ...
Consortia are commonly found in humans, with the predominant examples being the skin consortium and the intestinal consortium which provide protection and aid in human nutrition. Additionally, bacteria have been identified as existing within the brain (previously believed to be sterile), with metagenomic evidence suggesting the species found ...
Humans are home to 10 13 to 10 14 bacteria, roughly equivalent to the number of human cells, [2] and while these bacteria can be pathogenic to their host most of them are mutually beneficial to both the host and bacteria. The human immune system consists of two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive.
Cooperative quorum sensing, involving microbial intelligence, facilitates natural genetic transformation, a process in which extracellular DNA is taken up by V. cholerae cells. [27] V. cholerae is a bacterial pathogen that causes cholera with severe contagious diarrhea that affects millions of people globally.
Paleontologists are revealing early humans actually co-existed with a human-like species some 300,00 years ago. The cousin of homo sapiens, called homo naledi, was discovered in 2013 in a cave ...
Graphic depicting the human skin microbiota, with relative prevalences of various classes of bacteria. The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, [1] [2] including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung ...
The human gut contains approximately thirty-eight trillion microbes. [13] The gut is a dynamic ecosystem as it is composed of both constant and transient components, meaning some bacteria establishes itself and remains throughout the human’s lifetime and other bacteria is ingested and later leaves in feces. [14]