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In switching-mode power supplies , noise present in the control loop circuitry of the supply causes dislocation in up-slope and down-slope timing of the saw-tooth ripple waveform. As a consequence, the ripple waveform exhibits jitter and noise carried on the ripple also jitters. When this type of supply bias is used to power a system operating ...
Fig. 2. EMI noise of output voltage for programmed switching frequency (PWM): a) Spectrum and b) Spectrogram. PWM is considered the most common deterministic technique. Considering the example of a DC-DC converter, a controlled switch is designed to “cut-off” the DC waveform into a pulse-shaped waveform.
89 - Line Switch; 90 - Regulating Device; 91 - Voltage Directional Relay; 92 - Voltage And Power Directional Relay; 93 - Field-Changing Contactor; 94 - Tripping or Trip-Free Relay; 95 – Trip Circuit Healthy; 96 – Transmitter; 97 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
This increases the availability, since open-air disconnecting switch main contacts need maintenance every 2–6 years, while modern circuit breakers have maintenance intervals of 15 years. Implementing a DCB solution also reduces the space requirements within the substation, and increases the reliability , due to the lack of separate disconnectors.
In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...
An automatic trip is an action performed by some system, usually a safety instrumented system, programmable logic controller, or distributed control system, to put an industrial process into a safe state. It is triggered by some parameter going into a pre-determined unsafe state.
Advantages over other media include lower operating noise and no emission of hot gases, and relatively low maintenance. Developed in the 1950s and onward, SF 6 circuit breakers are widely used in electrical grids at transmission voltages up to 800 kV, as generator circuit breakers, and in distribution systems at voltages up to 35 kV.
And they add «Control Codes. Sixty-five code points (U+0000..U+001F and U+007F..U+009F) are defined specifically as control codes, for compatibility with the C0 and C1 control codes of the ISO/IEC 2022 framework. A few of these control codes are given specific interpretations by the Unicode Standard. (See Section 16.1, Control Codes.)»