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  2. Generalized coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_coordinates

    An example of such a constraint is a rolling wheel or knife-edge that constrains the direction of the velocity vector. Non-holonomic constraints can also involve next-order derivatives such as generalized accelerations.

  3. Rotation formalisms in three dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in...

    The derivative of a vector is the linear velocity of its tip. Since A is a rotation matrix, by definition the length of r(t) is always equal to the length of r 0, and hence it does not change with time. Thus, when r(t) rotates, its tip moves along a circle, and the linear velocity of its tip is tangential to the circle; i.e., always ...

  4. Verlet integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlet_integration

    Since velocity Verlet is a generally useful algorithm in 3D applications, a solution written in C++ could look like below. This type of position integration will ...

  5. Fleming's left-hand rule for motors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming's_left-hand_rule...

    Fleming's left-hand rule. Fleming's left-hand rule for electric motors is one of a pair of visual mnemonics, the other being Fleming's right-hand rule for generators. [1] [2] [3] They were originated by John Ambrose Fleming, in the late 19th century, as a simple way of working out the direction of motion in an electric motor, or the direction of electric current in an electric generator.

  6. Yaw (rotation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)

    A yaw rotation is a movement around the yaw axis of a rigid body that changes the direction it is pointing, to the left or right of its direction of motion. The yaw rate or yaw velocity of a car, aircraft, projectile or other rigid body is the angular velocity of this rotation, or rate of change of the heading angle when the aircraft is ...

  7. Orbital maneuver - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_maneuver

    Figure 1: Approximation of a finite thrust maneuver with an impulsive change in velocity. An impulsive maneuver is the mathematical model of a maneuver as an instantaneous change in the spacecraft's velocity (magnitude and/or direction) [3] as illustrated in figure 1. It is the limit case of a burn to generate a particular amount of delta-v, as ...

  8. Proportional navigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_navigation

    It is based on the fact that two vehicles are on a collision course when their direct line-of-sight does not change direction as the range closes. PN dictates that the missile velocity vector should rotate at a rate proportional to the rotation rate of the line of sight (Line-Of-Sight rate or LOS-rate), and in the same direction.

  9. Swing equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_equation

    The above equation describes the behaviour of the rotor dynamics and hence is known as the swing equation. The angle δ is the angle of the internal EMF of the generator and it dictates the amount of power that can be transferred. This angle is therefore called the load angle.