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Although protist flagella have a diversity of forms and functions, [11] two large families, flagellates and ciliates, can be distinguished by the shape and beating pattern of their flagella. [ 2 ] In the phylogenetic tree on the right, aquatic organisms (living in marine, brackish, or freshwater environments) have their branches drawn in blue ...
Archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella in that it also has a rotary motor, but are different in many details and considered non-homologous. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Eukaryotic flagella—those of animal, plant, and protist cells—are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth.
Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. Flagella are generally used for propulsion. They may also be used to create a current that brings in food. In most such organisms, one or more flagella are located at or near the anterior of the cell (e.g., Euglena). Often there is one directed forwards and one trailing behind.
Subsequently, the class Flagellata (Cohn, 1853) was created for creatures, like Euglena, possessing one or more flagella. While "Flagellata" has fallen from use as a taxon, the notion of using flagella as a phylogenetic criterion remains vigorous. [31]
These protists are equipped with one or more whip-like appendages called cilia, undulipodia or eukaryotic flagella, [b] which enable them to swim or glide freely through the environment. Flagellates are found in all lineages, reflecting that the common ancestor of all living eukaryotes was a flagellate.
Bottom: Metamonada, 1-anterior flagella, 2-parabasal body, 3-undulating membrane, 4-posterior flagellum, 5-nucleus, 6-axostyle. Excavata is an extensive and diverse but paraphyletic group of unicellular Eukaryota .
The parabasalids are a group of flagellated protists within the supergroup Excavata.Most of these eukaryotic organisms form a symbiotic relationship in animals.These include a variety of forms found in the intestines of termites [2] and cockroaches, many of which have symbiotic bacteria that help them digest cellulose in woody plants.
Eukaryotic flagella—those of animal, plant, and protist cells—are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth. Eukaryotic flagella are classed along with eukaryotic motile cilia as undulipodia [ 46 ] to emphasize their distinctive wavy appendage role in cellular function or motility .