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Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. [1] [2] It was used as a punishment by the Persians, Carthaginians, and Romans, [1] among others. Crucifixion has been used in some countries as recently as the 21st century. [3]
John Bodel calculates an annual death rate of 30,000 among a population of about 750,000 in the city of Rome, not counting victims of plague and pandemic. [10] At birth, Romans of all classes had an approximate life expectancy of 20–30 years: men and women of citizen class who reached maturity could expect to live until their late 50's or much longer, barring illness, disease and accident. [11]
Justus Lipsius: Crux decussata, a form of cross for which there is no evidence of its use by ancient Romans: the earliest account of its supposed use for Andrew the Apostle is of the twelfth century. [5] Some scholars think the distinction between crux commissa and crux immissa within the crux compacta category is unnecessary.
Pilate handed Jesus over to them for crucifixion. Jesus abducted for crucifixion: Matthew 27:27–31. Roman soldiers took Jesus into the praetorium. Soldiers undressed Jesus and put a scarlet robe, a crown of thorns and a staff on him. Soldiers knelt in front of Jesus and mocked him saying: 'Hail, king of the Jews!'
Modern Roman Catholic churches and many Lutheran churches often have a crucifix above the altar on the wall; [10] for the celebration of Mass, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church requires that "on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified". [11]
The crucifixion of Jesus is one of the most illustrated events in human history.. For centuries, artists have reimagined it as a form of remembrance and as a means to convey the story of brutality ...
Crucifixions and crucifixes have appeared in the arts and popular culture from before the era of the pagan Roman Empire.The crucifixion of Jesus has been depicted in a wide range of religious art since the 4th century CE, frequently including the appearance of mournful onlookers such as the Virgin Mary, Pontius Pilate, and angels, as well as antisemitic depictions portraying Jews as ...
Flagellation at the hands of the Romans is mentioned in three of the four canonical Gospels: John 19:1, Mark 15:15, and Matthew 27:26, and was the usual prelude to crucifixion under Roman law. [5] None of the three accounts is more detailed than John's "Then Pilate took Jesus and had him flogged" (NIV).