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The underlying causes of the disorder are not fully understood, [15] but dysgraphia is known to have genetic causes. [3] More specifically, it is a working memory problem [13] caused by specific neurodevelopmental dysfunction. [9] In dysgraphia, individuals fail to develop normal connections among different brain regions needed for writing. [13]
Dyscravia [1] is a voicing substitution dysgraphia, i.e. a type of writing disorder in which the affected person confuses letters denoting sounds that differ in their voicing attribute (e.g. writing "dap" instead of "tap" or "tash" instead of "dash").
This disorder is also generally concurrent with disorders of reading and/or mathematics, as well as disorders related to behavior. Since it is so often associated with other learning disorders and mental problems, it is uncertain whether it can appear by itself; [3] and dysgraphia can be considered to be a specific form of the disorder. [4]
Indeed, there also appear to be a large genetic influence on other learning abilities, such as language skills. [40] The Generalist Genes hypothesis supports the findings that many learning disabilities are comorbid , such as speech sound disorder , language impairment, and reading disability, although this is also influenced by diagnostic overlap.
Research also suggests a clear genetic basis for developmental dyslexia with abnormalities in certain language areas of the brain. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] However, there is also evidence that orthography, the correspondence between the language's phonemes (sound units) and its graphemes (characters, symbols, letters), plays a significant role in the type ...
Research into potential genetic causes of dyslexia has its roots in post-autopsy examination of the brains of people with dyslexia. [37] Observed anatomical differences in the language centers of such brains include microscopic cortical malformations known as ectopias , and more rarely, vascular micro-malformations, and microgyrus —a smaller ...
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As of 2007, researchers Lyytinen et al. are searching for a link between the neurological and genetic findings, and the reading disorder. There are many previous and current theories of dyslexia, but one that has much support from research is that, whatever the biological cause, dyslexia is a matter of reduced phonological awareness, the ...