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The evidence that preventive antibiotics decrease urinary tract infections in children is poor. [72] However recurrent UTIs are a rare cause of further kidney problems if there are no underlying abnormalities of the kidneys, resulting in less than a third of a percent (0.33%) of chronic kidney disease in adults. [73]
Urinary tract infection in pediatric patients is a significant clinical issue, affecting approximately 7% of fevered infants and children. [43] If left untreated, the infection can ascend from the bladder to the kidneys, resulting in acute pyelonephritis, which leads to hypertension, kidney scarring, and end-stage kidney disease. [44]
Fosfomycin, sold under the brand name Monurol among others, is an antibiotic primarily used to treat lower urinary tract infections. [8] It is not indicated for kidney infections. [8] Occasionally it is used for prostate infections. [8] It is generally taken by mouth. [8]
Nitrofurantoin, sold under the brand name Macrobid among others, is an antibacterial medication of the nitrofuran class used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), although it is not as effective for kidney infections. [16] It is taken by mouth. [16] Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and headaches. [16]
Antibiotics are known to disrupt the gut, urinary tract, and vaginal microbiota. [14] This has been associated with increased risk of recurrent UTIs. [14] Methenamine has been limitedly studied in this regard, but was found in one small study to preserve urinary microbial diversity. [14]
"The particular bacteria that are responsible for 80 percent or so of these urinary tract infections are a form of E. coli," said study co-author Edward Egelman in a video released by the ...