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Hepatitis A causes an acute illness that does not progress to chronic liver disease. Therefore, the role of screening is to assess immune status in people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, as well as in people with known liver disease for whom hepatitis A infection could lead to liver failure.
Fascioliasis, a parasitic infection of liver caused by a liver fluke of the genus Fasciola, mostly Fasciola hepatica. [5] Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is caused by various viruses (viral hepatitis) also by some liver toxins (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis), autoimmunity (autoimmune hepatitis) or hereditary conditions. [6]
Up to 80% of liver cancers can be attributed to either hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus. In terms of mortality, the former is second only to smoking among known agents causing cancer. With more widespread implementation of vaccination and strict screening before blood transfusion, lower infection rates are expected in the future.
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection. [1] [2] It may present in acute form as a recent infection with relatively rapid onset, or in chronic form, typically progressing from a long-lasting asymptomatic condition up to a decompensated hepatic disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
During the acute stage of the infection, the liver enzyme alanine transferase (ALT) is present in the blood at levels much higher than is normal. The enzyme comes from the liver cells damaged by the virus. [46] Hepatovirus A is present in the blood and feces of infected people up to 2 weeks before clinical illness develops. [46]
A form of infection with persistently moderately elevated serum liver enzymes but without antibodies to hepatitis C has also been reported. [45] This form is known as cryptogenic occult infection. Several clinical pictures have been associated with this type of infection. [46]
Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV); [4] [5] it is a type of viral hepatitis. [6] Hepatitis E has mainly a fecal-oral transmission route that is similar to hepatitis A, although the viruses are unrelated.
Another 1.5 million developed acute infections that year, and 820,000 deaths occurred as a result of HBV. [1] Cirrhosis and liver cancer are responsible for most HBV-related deaths. [ 18 ] The disease is most prevalent in Africa (affecting 7.5% of the continent's population) and in the Western Pacific region (5.9%). [ 19 ]