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Nicotine is an addictive substance found most commonly in tobacco and tobacco products including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, e-cigarette liquid, pipe tobacco, snus, snuff, and nicotine medications such as nicotine gum. Withdrawal is the body’s reaction to not having the nicotine it had become accustomed to. Withdrawal is most common ...
[125] [clarification needed] Severe outcomes were more than 2.5 times more frequent in children exposed to e-cigarettes and nicotine e-liquid than with traditional cigarettes. [132] Poison control center calls in the US related to e-cigarettes was one call per month in September 2010 to 215 calls per month in February 2014. [131]
In 2015 the psychological and behavioral effects of e-cigarettes were studied using whole-body exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, followed by a series of biochemical and behavioral studies. [17] The results showed that nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosol induces addiction-related neurochemical, physiological and behavioral changes. [17]
Side effects are similar to those from nicotine in general and oral nicotine products, Hrywna says. “Issues like nausea, elevated heart rate, and mouth irritation could also occur with a product ...
A 2016 review of the cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine concluded, "Based on current knowledge, we believe that the cardiovascular risks of nicotine from e-cigarette use in people without cardiovascular disease are quite low. We have concerns that nicotine from e-cigarettes could pose some risk for users with cardiovascular disease." [93]
While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration took action to ban and regulate certain products in 2009, the agency, to this day, has not set a standard nicotine level for cigarettes.