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  2. Motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion

    This motion is the most obscure as it is not physical motion, but rather a change in the very nature of the universe. The primary source of verification of this expansion was provided by Edwin Hubble who demonstrated that all galaxies and distant astronomical objects were moving away from Earth, known as Hubble's law , predicted by a universal ...

  3. Seconds pendulum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconds_pendulum

    For a simple gravity pendulum-- a point mass on a weightless string of length L swinging with an infinitesimally small amplitude, without resistance --, the length of the string of a seconds pendulum is equal to: L = g T 2 /(4 π 2) L = gs 2 / π 2

  4. Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

    As in the classical case, the potential for the quantum harmonic oscillator is given by [7]: 234 V ( x ) = 1 2 m ω 2 x 2 . {\displaystyle V(x)={\frac {1}{2}}m\omega ^{2}x^{2}.} This problem can either be treated by directly solving the Schrödinger equation, which is not trivial, or by using the more elegant "ladder method" first proposed by ...

  5. Quantum field theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory

    Note that x is the displacement of a particle in simple harmonic motion from the equilibrium position, not to be confused with the spatial label x of a quantum field. For a quantum harmonic oscillator, x(t) is promoted to a linear operator ^ ():

  6. Kinetic energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy

    This illustrates that kinetic energy is also stored in rotational motion. Several mathematical descriptions of kinetic energy exist that describe it in the appropriate physical situation. For objects and processes in common human experience, the formula ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ mv 2 given by classical mechanics is suitable.

  7. Kepler's laws of planetary motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary...

    In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler in 1609 (except the third law, and was fully published in 1619), describe the orbits of planets around the Sun. These laws replaced circular orbits and epicycles in the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus with elliptical orbits and explained how planetary ...

  8. Electromagnetic radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation

    With a few exceptions related to high-energy photons (such as fluorescence, harmonic generation, photochemical reactions, the photovoltaic effect for ionizing radiations at far ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma radiation), absorbed electromagnetic radiation simply deposits its energy by heating the material. This happens for infrared, microwave and ...