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Polystyrene integrated solid foams are not commonly used in biomedical applications but have shown promise as a new drug delivery vehicle. The manipulation of the porous foam networks is a fundamental component in solid foam dosing – affecting variables such as dissolution, adsorption, and drug diffusion. [4]
Animals do not recognize polystyrene foam as an artificial material, may mistake it for food, and show toxic effects after substantial exposure. Full or partial bans of expanded and polystyrene foam commonly target disposable food packaging. Such bans have been enacted through national legislation globally, and also at sub-national or local ...
Polystyrene sulfonic acid, the acid whose salts are the polystyrene sulfonates, has the idealized formula (CH 2 CHC 6 H 4 SO 3 H) n. The material is prepared by sulfonation of polystyrene: (CH 2 CHC 6 H 5) n + n SO 3 → (CH 2 CHC 6 H 4 SO 3 H) n. Several methods exist for this conversion, which can lead to varying degree of sulfonation.
In chronic nasal and sinus disease of cats, FHV-1 may play more of an initiating role than an ongoing cause. Infection at an early age may permanently damage nasal and sinus tissue, causing a disruption of ciliary clearance of mucus and bacteria, and predispose these cats to chronic bacterial infections.
Styrene oxide is considered toxic, mutagenic, and possibly carcinogenic. Styrene oxide is subsequently hydrolyzed in vivo to styrene glycol by the enzyme epoxide hydrolase. [36] The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has described styrene to be "a suspected toxin to the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and respiratory system, among others".
Polystyrene foam blows in the wind and floats on water due to its low specific gravity. It can have serious effects on the health of birds and marine animals that swallow significant quantities. [71] Juvenile rainbow trout exposed to polystyrene fragments show toxic effects in the form of substantial histomorphometrical changes. [72]
If you’re unsure whether your cat needs a medical evaluation, try calling the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (888-426-4435) or the Pet Poison Hotline (855-764-7661).
Assignment to a toxicity class is based typically on results of acute toxicity studies such as the determination of LD 50 values in animal experiments, notably rodents, via oral, inhaled, or external application. The experimental design measures the acute death rate of an agent.