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  2. Friendly fraud - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fraud

    Regardless of the outcome of the chargeback, merchants generally pay a chargeback fee which typically ranges anywhere from $20 to $100. [9] A 2016 study by LexisNexis stated that chargeback fraud costs merchants $2.40 for every $1 lost. This is because of product-loss, banking fines, penalties and administrative costs. [10]

  3. Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_and_latent...

    Manifest functions are the consequences that people see, observe or even expect. It is explicitly stated and understood by the participants in the relevant action. The manifest function of a rain dance, according to Merton in his 1957 Social Theory and Social Structure, is to produce rain, and this outcome is intended and desired by people participating in the ritual.

  4. Chargeback - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargeback

    A chargeback is a return of money to a payer of a transaction, especially a credit card transaction. Most commonly the payer is a consumer. The chargeback reverses a money transfer from the consumer's bank account, line of credit, or credit card. The chargeback is ordered by the bank that issued the consumer's payment card. In the distribution ...

  5. Thomas theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_theorem

    The definition of the situation is a fundamental concept in symbolic interactionism. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It involves a proposal upon the characteristics of a social situation (e.g. norms, values, authority, participants' roles), and seeks agreement from others in a way that can facilitate social cohesion and social action.

  6. The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Dictionary...

    The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology is a dictionary of sociological terms published by Cambridge University Press and edited by Bryan S. Turner. There has only been one edition so far. The Board of Editorial Advisors is made up of: Bryan S. Turner, Ira Cohen, Jeff Manza, Gianfranco Poggi, Beth Schneider, Susan Silbey, and Carol Smart. In ...

  7. Unintended consequences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequences

    Influenced by 19th century positivism [5] and Charles Darwin's evolution, for both Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, the idea of uncertainty and chance in social dynamics (and thus unintended consequences beyond results of perfectly defined laws) was only apparent, (if not rejected) since social actions were directed and produced by deliberate human intention.

  8. Consequentialism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism

    The normative status of an action depends on its consequences according to consequentialism. The consequences of the actions of an agent may include other actions by this agent. Actualism and possibilism disagree on how later possible actions impact the normative status of the current action by the same agent.

  9. Misinformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation

    Flagging or eliminating false statements in media using algorithmic fact checkers is becoming an increasingly common tactic to fight misinformation. Google and many social media platforms have added automatic fact-checking programs to their sites and created the option for users to flag information that they think is false. [86]