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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
inscription found on the bank of the Arkhara River [143] c. 1175: Galician-Portuguese: Notícia de Fiadores [144] The Notícia de Torto and the will of Afonso II of Portugal, dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese. [145] A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for the Pacto dos Irmãos Pais. [146] 1192 ...
Ancient Hebrew writings are texts written in Biblical Hebrew using the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.. The earliest known precursor to Hebrew, an inscription in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, is the Khirbet Qeiyafa Inscription (11th–10th century BCE), [1] if it can be considered Hebrew at that early a stage.
It is the oldest manuscript bearing the date of its writing; written in Tiberias, subsequently was in Cairo, now deposited at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Codex Sassoon 1053, 9th or 10th century, from the collection of David Solomon Sassoon, now in the ANU - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv. (missing first 10 pages of Genesis) [15]
Private legal documents for the sale of land appeared in Mesopotamia in the early 3rd millennium BC, not long after the appearance of cuneiform writing. [86] The first codes of law were written in Mesopotamia c. 2100 BC, exemplified in the Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC) that was inscribed on stone stelae throughout the Old Babylonian Empire. [87]
The earliest written literature dates from about 2600 BC (classical Sumerian). [1] Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead , which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC.
The oldest surviving books come from the 10th century CE, the earliest belonging to the Buddhist manuscript tradition. [54] Prior to the adoption of paper, these were written on palm leaves, a naturally abundant resource in the southern part of the subcontinent. [54] The pages were usually three feet wide and two inches tall. [54]
The Ketef Hinnom scrolls, also described as Ketef Hinnom amulets, are the oldest surviving texts currently known from the Hebrew Bible, dated to c. 600 BCE. [2] The text, written in the Paleo-Hebrew script (not the Babylonian square letters of the modern Hebrew alphabet, more familiar to most modern readers), is from the Book of Numbers in the Hebrew Bible, and has been described as "one of ...