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When used this way, neither medication is considered an abortifacient. However, the same drugs can be used to induce an abortion, particularly after 12 weeks of pregnancy. [4] [10] Misoprostol (discussed above) is also used to treat peptic ulcers [11] in patients who have had gastric or intestinal damage from use of NSAIDs.
DES gained notoriety when it was shown to cause a rare vaginal tumor in girls and young women who had been exposed to this drug in utero.In 1971, the New England Journal of Medicine published a report showing that seven of eight girls and young women (ages 14 to 22) who had been diagnosed with vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma had been exposed prenatally to DES. [5]
Misoprostol should not be taken by pregnant women with wanted pregnancies to reduce the risk of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers because it increases uterine tone and contractions in pregnancy, which may cause partial or complete abortions, and because its use in pregnancy has been associated with birth defects. [55] [56]
[3] [4] It was introduced as a sedative and medication for morning sickness without having been tested on pregnant women. [5] While initially deemed to be safe in pregnancy, concerns regarding birth defects were noted in 1961, and the medication was removed from the market in Europe that year. [3] [6]
Prevention of a miscarriage can sometimes be accomplished by decreasing risk factors. [11] This may include good prenatal care, avoiding drugs and alcohol, preventing infectious diseases, and avoiding X-rays. [11] Identifying the cause of the miscarriage may help prevent future pregnancy loss, especially in cases of recurrent miscarriage.
While misoprostol is 80 to 100% effective at terminating a pregnancy on its own, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation, taking both medications is more effective and has fewer side effects.
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [ 93 ] [ 80 ] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%.
Dydrogesterone, sold under the brand name Duphaston among others, [1] is a progestin medication which is used for a variety of indications, including threatened or recurrent miscarriage during pregnancy, dysfunctional bleeding, infertility due to luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, secondary amenorrhea, irregular cycles, premenstrual syndrome, and as a component of menopausal ...