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Hypopigmented sarcoidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by areas of hypopigmented skin. It is usually diagnosed in darkly pigmented races and may be the earliest sign of sarcoidosis. [2]: 709 Papular sarcoid is a cutaneous condition characterized by papules, which are the most common morphology of cutaneous sarcoidosis. [2]: 708
Sarcoidosis may resolve without any treatment within a few years. [2] [5] However, some people may have long-term or severe disease. [5] Some symptoms may be improved with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen. [8] In cases where the condition causes significant health problems, steroids such as prednisone are indicated. [9]
Kveim's work was a refinement of earlier studies performed by Nickerson, who in 1935 first reported on skin reactions in sarcoid. [5] A Kveim test may be used to distinguish sarcoidosis from conditions with otherwise indistinguishable symptoms such as berylliosis. [6]
Only 1 percent of people with sarcoidosis will have neurosarcoidosis alone without involvement of any other organs. Diagnosis can be difficult, with no test apart from biopsy achieving a high accuracy rate. Treatment is with immunosuppression. [1] The first case of sarcoidosis involving the nervous system was reported in 1905. [2] [3]
Lupus pernio is a chronic raised indurated (hardened) lesion of the skin, often purplish in color. It is seen on the nose, ears, cheeks, lips, and forehead.It is pathognomonic of sarcoidosis.
The mechanism of topical delivery includes the diffusion and metabolism of drugs in the skin. [1] Historically, topical route was the first route of medication used to deliver drugs in humans in ancient Egyptian and Babylonian in 3000 BCE. In these ancient cities, topical medications like ointments and potions were used on the skin.
Leflunomide, sold under the brand name Arava among others, is an immunosuppressive disease-modifying antirheumatic drug , [8] used in active moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. It is a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor that works by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. [9] Bottle of Leflunomide (Arava) and tablet
Potassium iodide can be used for persistent lesions whose cause remains unknown. Corticosteroids and colchicine can be used in severe refractory cases. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Thalidomide has been used successfully in the treatment of Erythema nodosum leprosum, [ 26 ] and it was approved by the U.S. FDA for this use in July 1998. [ 27 ]