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  2. Four causes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes

    Thomas Aquinas demonstrated that only those four types of causes can exist and no others. He also introduced a priority order according to which "matter is made perfect by the form, form is made perfect by the agent, and agent is made perfect by the finality." [9] Hence, the finality is the cause of causes or, equivalently, the queen of causes ...

  3. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    That is, a 2 is even, which implies that a must also be even, as seen in the proposition above (in #Proof by contraposition). So we can write a = 2c, where c is also an integer. Substitution into the original equation yields 2b 2 = (2c) 2 = 4c 2. Dividing both sides by 2 yields b 2 = 2c 2. But then, by the same argument as before, 2 divides b 2 ...

  4. Hanlon's razor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanlon's_razor

    The adage was a submission credited in print to Ronald M. Hanlon of Bronx, New York , in a compilation of various jokes related to Murphy's law published in Arthur Bloch's Murphy's Law Book Two: More Reasons Why Things Go Wrong! (1980). [1] A similar quotation appears in Robert A. Heinlein's novella Logic of Empire (1941). [2]

  5. Reason (argument) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(argument)

    Some philosophers (one being John Broome [5]) view normative reasons as the same as "explanations of ought facts".Just as explanatory reasons explain why some descriptive fact obtains (or came to obtain), normative reasons on this view explain why some normative facts obtain, i.e., they explain why some state of affairs ought to come to obtain (e.g., why someone should act or why some event ...

  6. Pigeonhole principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhole_principle

    This is not true for infinite sets: Consider the function on the natural numbers that sends 1 and 2 to 1, 3 and 4 to 2, 5 and 6 to 3, and so on. There is a similar principle for infinite sets: If uncountably many pigeons are stuffed into countably many pigeonholes, there will exist at least one pigeonhole having uncountably many pigeons stuffed ...

  7. Modus tollens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_tollens

    The form of a modus tollens argument is a mixed hypothetical syllogism, with two premises and a conclusion: . If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P.. The first premise is a conditional ("if-then") claim, such as P implies Q.

  8. Mathematical induction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction

    If there is a solution for k dollars that includes at least one 4-dollar coin, replace it by a 5-dollar coin to make k + 1 dollars. Otherwise, if only 5-dollar coins are used, k must be a multiple of 5 and so at least 15; but then we can replace three 5-dollar coins by four 4-dollar coins to make k + 1 dollars. In each case, S(k + 1) is true.

  9. Power of two - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_two

    The only known powers of 2 with all digits even are 2 1 = 2, 2 2 = 4, 2 3 = 8, 2 6 = 64 and 2 11 = 2048. [12] The first 3 powers of 2 with all but last digit odd is 2 4 = 16, 2 5 = 32 and 2 9 = 512. The next such power of 2 of form 2 n should have n of at least 6 digits.