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Diarrhea due to viral agents is unaffected by antibiotic therapy, but is usually self-limited. [13] Protozoans such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora cayetanensis can also cause diarrhea. Pathogens commonly implicated in travelers' diarrhea appear in the table in this section. [13] [16]
Generic 100 mg doxycycline capsules A package of generic doxycycline. In addition to the general indications for all members of the tetracycline antibiotics group, doxycycline is frequently used to treat Lyme disease, chronic prostatitis, sinusitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, [13] [14] severe acne, rosacea, [15] [16] [17] and rickettsial infections. [18]
Meta-analyses have concluded that probiotics may protect against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in both children and adults. [2] [3] Evidence is insufficient, however, regarding an effect on rates of C. difficile colitis. [4] The efficacy of probiotic AAD prevention is dependent on the probiotic strain(s) used and on the dosage.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a type of Escherichia coli and one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea in the developing world, [1] as well as the most common cause of travelers' diarrhea. [2] Insufficient data exists, but conservative estimates suggest that each year, about 157,000 deaths occur, mostly in children, from ETEC.
Various studies have sought to estimate diarrhea attack rates among wilderness travelers, and results have ranged widely. The variation of diarrhea rate between studies may depend on the time of year, the location of the study, the length of time the hikers were in the wilderness, [2] [34] the prevention methods used, and the study methodology.
In particular, EAEC are reported as the second most common cause of traveler's diarrhea, second only to Enterotoxigenic E. coli, and a common cause of diarrhea amongst pediatric populations. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It has also been associated with chronic infections in the latter, as well as in immunocompromised hosts, such as HIV -infected individuals. [ 6 ]
It is a common cause of diarrhea in those who are hospitalized and is frequently associated with antibiotic use. [32] Staphylococcus aureus infectious diarrhea may also occur in those who have used antibiotics. [33] Acute "traveler's diarrhea" is usually a type of bacterial gastroenteritis, while the persistent form is usually parasitic. [34]
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic ...
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