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Calculus bovis, [1] niu-huang or cattle gallstones are dried gallstones of cattle used in Chinese herbology. In China and Japan it has been long used to treat various diseases, including high fever, convulsion and stroke. [2] In Asian countries, calculus bovis are sometimes harvested when steers (Bos taurus domesticus) are slaughtered.
Gallstones may result from increased saturation of cholesterol or bilirubin, or from bile stasis. Lower concentrations of bile acids or phospholipids in bile reduce cholesterol solubility and lead to microcrystal formation. Oral therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid and/or ursodeoxycholic acid has been used to dissolve cholesterol gallstones.
Hepatolithiasis is the presence of gallstones in the biliary ducts of the liver. Treatment is usually surgical. It is rare in Western countries, but prevalent in East Asia. [1] The gallstones are normally found proximal to the left and right hepatic ducts. The causes of the disease are poorly understood, but it is suspected that genetics, diets ...
Gallstones can be a valued by-product of animals butchered for meat because of their use as an antipyretic and antidote in the traditional medicine of some cultures, particularly traditional Chinese medicine. The most highly prized gallstones tend to be sourced from old dairy cows, termed calculus bovis or niu-huang (yellow thing of cattle) in ...
3D still showing gallstones. Gallstones form when the bile is saturated, usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin. [20] Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system. [21] When symptoms occur, severe "colicky" pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen is often ...
A bile bear in a "crush cage" on Huizhou Farm, Huizhou, China [1] Bile bears, sometimes called battery bears, are bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is used by some traditional Asian medicine practitioners.
The superior, mediocre, and inferior forms of these stones are reputed to respectively cure seven, five, three patients who have been poisoned. In medieval European medical traditions, gallstones were highly esteemed as an antidote to poisoning. 'Oriental gallstones' obtained from the East were particularly prized ones.
As diarrhea is frequent when CDCA is used in gallstone dissolution, it has been studied as a possible treatment for constipation and has been shown to accelerate colonic transit and improve bowel function. [11] The Australian biotechnology company Giaconda has tested a treatment for hepatitis C infection that combines chenodeoxycholic acid with ...