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Concern for animal welfare resurges in the 1950s, resulting in the federal Humane Slaughter Act [10] and the Animal Welfare Act. [11] 1966-2016: Intensive animal agriculture continues to grow, with the number of land animals slaughtered for food in the U.S. growing from 2.4 billion in 1965 to 9.2 billion in 2015. [12]
Following public outcry over the cases of Pepper and other mistreated animals, the American Animal Welfare Act was passed. This legislation set minimum standards for handling, sale, and transport of dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs, and instated conservative regulations on animal experimentation. [18] 1968
Animal experimentation also increased significantly over the course of the twentieth century, largely driven by the development of new drugs. [13] Following the decline of the anti-vivisection movement in the early-twentieth century, animal welfare and rights movements did not re-emerge until the 1950s.
Before the 19th century, there had been prosecutions for poor treatment of animals, but only because of the damage to the animal as property. In 1793, for example, John Cornish was found not guilty of maiming a horse after pulling the animal's tongue out; the judge ruled that Cornish could be found guilty only if there was evidence of malice ...
Human zoos could be seen in many of Europe's largest cities, such as Paris, Hamburg, London, and Milan, as well as American cities such as New York City and Chicago. [16] Carl Hagenbeck , an animal trader, was one of the early proponents of this trend, when in 1874, at the suggestion of Heinrich Leutemann , he decided to exhibit Sami people ...
The American Acclimatization Society was a group founded in New York City in 1871 dedicated to introducing European flora and fauna into North America for both economic and cultural reasons. The group's charter explained its goal was to introduce "such foreign varieties of the animal and vegetable kingdom as may be useful or interesting."
Hull House, Chicago. Settlement and community houses in the United States were a vital part of the settlement movement, a progressive social movement that began in the mid-19th century in London with the intention of improving the quality of life in poor urban areas through education initiatives, food and shelter provisions, and assimilation and naturalization assistance.
Contrasted to Europe, printers (especially as newspaper editors) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion, and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession. Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century, the middle-class businessmen, professionals, and skilled artisans dominated the cities. [144] [145]