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A company owned by Charles Bent and William Bent and Ceran St. Vrain built the fort in 1833 to trade with Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Plains Indians and trappers for buffalo robes. For much of its 16-year operation as a trading post, the fort was the only major white American permanent settlement on the Santa Fe Trail between Missouri and the ...
The most significant battle was the Battle of the Tongue River where Brigadier General Patrick Edward Connor ordered Frank North and his Pawnee Scouts to find a camp of Arapaho Indians under the leadership of Chief Black Bear. Once located, Connor sent in 200 soldiers with two howitzers and 40 Omaha and Winnebago and 30 Pawnee scouts, and ...
The Arapaho left before 1860 when the area was settled by people of European descent. [8] By 1878, the northern Arapaho were forced into a reservation at Wind River Indian Reservation. [4] An example of a modern cairn at Flattop Mountain. There were three main trails used by the Ute and Arapaho people to travel between Middle Park and Estes ...
In 1986, the state formed the Texas Commission for Indian Affairs, later renamed the Texas Indian Commission, [2] to manage trust lands and assist three federally recognized tribes headquartered in Texas. However, the commission was dissolved in 1989. [3]
The Dallas-Fort Worth area is home to one of the oldest Indian American communities in Texas. Despite harsh immigration laws being passed in the early and mid 1900s, such as the Immigration Act of 1917 and the 1946 Luce-Celler Act, Indian immigrants, mainly skilled farmers from North India seeking agricultural work came to the region.
Although the Arapaho had assisted the Cheyenne and Lakota in driving the Kiowa south from the Northern Plains, in 1840 they made peace with the tribe. They became prosperous traders, until the expansion of American settlers onto their lands after the Civil War. [4] The Cheyenne and Arapaho formed an alliance in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The Darlington Agency was an Indian agency on the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation prior to statehood in present-day Canadian County, Oklahoma. The agency was established in 1870. The agency established at Fort Supply the previous year was moved to a more accessible location for the tribes.
West was a partner in the Washington, D.C., office of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, and, subsequently, in the Indian-owned Albuquerque law firm of Gover, Stetson, Williams & West, P.C. [2] During his law career, West served as both a general counsel and special counsel to a wide range of tribes and non-tribal organizations, before tribal, state, and federal and tribal courts. [7]