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The term "trigger point" was coined in 1942 by Dr. Janet Travell to describe a clinical finding with the following characteristics: [citation needed]. Pain related to a discrete, irritable point in skeletal muscle or fascia, not caused by acute local trauma, inflammation, degeneration, neoplasm or infection.
Localized muscle pain; Trigger points that activate the pain (MTrPs) Generally speaking, the muscular pain is steady, aching, and deep. Depending on the case and location the intensity can range from mild discomfort to excruciating and "lightning-like". Knots may be visible or felt beneath the skin.
She drew attention to the role of "Morton's Toe" and its responsibility for causing physical pain throughout the body. Travell's research resulted in over 100 scientific articles, as well as the acclaimed 1983 co-authored book with David G. Simons: Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction. The Trigger Point Manual.
TOS can involve only part of the hand (as in the pinky and adjacent half of the ring finger), all of the hand, or the inner aspect of the forearm and upper arm. Pain can also be in the side of the neck, the pectoral area below the clavicle, the armpit/axillary area, and the upper back (i.e., the trapezius and rhomboid area).
This point is located approximately at the junction of the upper and middle thirds of this muscle. From here, the accessory nerve courses through the posterior triangle of the neck to enter the anterior border of the trapezius muscle at a point located approximately at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the anterior border of this ...
An example of trapezius function is an overhead press. When activating together, the upper and lower fibers also assist the middle fibers (along with other muscles such as the rhomboids) with scapular retraction/adduction. The trapezius also assists in abduction of the shoulder above 90 degrees by rotating the glenoid upward.
Forward head posture (FHP) [1] is an excessively kyphotic (hunched) thoracic spine. It is clinically recognized as a form of repetitive strain injury. [citation needed] The posture can occur in dentists, [2] surgeons, [3] and hairdressers, [4] or people who spend time on electronic devices.
There are several options of treatment when iatrogenic (i.e., caused by the surgeon) spinal accessory nerve damage is noted during surgery. For example, during a functional neck dissection that injures the spinal accessory nerve, injury prompts the surgeon to cautiously preserve branches of C2, C3, and C4 spinal nerves that provide supplemental innervation to the trapezius muscle. [3]