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These factorizations work not only over the complex numbers, but also over any field, where either –1, 2 or –2 is a square. In a finite field , the product of two non-squares is a square; this implies that the polynomial x 4 + 1 , {\displaystyle x^{4}+1,} which is irreducible over the integers, is reducible modulo every prime number .
Factorization depends on the base field. For example, the fundamental theorem of algebra, which states that every polynomial with complex coefficients has complex roots, implies that a polynomial with integer coefficients can be factored (with root-finding algorithms) into linear factors over the complex field C.
The ring of formal power series over the complex numbers is a UFD, but the subring of those that converge everywhere, in other words the ring of entire functions in a single complex variable, is not a UFD, since there exist entire functions with an infinity of zeros, and thus an infinity of irreducible factors, while a UFD factorization must be ...
A general-purpose factoring algorithm, also known as a Category 2, Second Category, or Kraitchik family algorithm, [10] has a running time which depends solely on the size of the integer to be factored. This is the type of algorithm used to factor RSA numbers. Most general-purpose factoring algorithms are based on the congruence of squares method.
The entries in the table resolve this ambiguity by the following convention: the factors are primes in the right complex half plane with absolute value of the real part larger than or equal to the absolute value of the imaginary part. The entries are sorted according to increasing norm x 2 + y 2 (sequence A001481 in the OEIS). The table is ...
Over the rational numbers, the first two and the fourth polynomials are reducible, but the other three polynomials are irreducible (as a polynomial over the rationals, 3 is a unit, and, therefore, does not count as a factor). Over the real numbers, the first five polynomials are reducible, but () is irreducible.
A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i 2 = −1.
If the approximate ratio of two factors (/) is known, then a rational number / can be picked near that value. N u v = c v ⋅ d u {\displaystyle Nuv=cv\cdot du} , and Fermat's method, applied to Nuv , will find the factors c v {\displaystyle cv} and d u {\displaystyle du} quickly.