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In contrast, the graph of the function f(x) + k = x 2 + k is a parabola shifted upward by k whose vertex is at (0, k), as shown in the center figure. Combining both horizontal and vertical shifts yields f(x − h) + k = (x − h) 2 + k is a parabola shifted to the right by h and upward by k whose vertex is at (h, k), as shown in the bottom figure.
For instance, the square of the linear polynomial x + 1 is the quadratic polynomial (x + 1) 2 = x 2 + 2x + 1. One of the important properties of squaring, for numbers as well as in many other mathematical systems, is that (for all numbers x), the square of x is the same as the square of its additive inverse −x.
Another geometric proof proceeds as follows: We start with the figure shown in the first diagram below, a large square with a smaller square removed from it. The side of the entire square is a, and the side of the small removed square is b. The area of the shaded region is . A cut is made, splitting the region into two rectangular pieces, as ...
These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by Roman numerals: I (where the signs of the (x; y) coordinates are I (+; +), II (−; +), III (−; −), and IV (+; −). When the axes are drawn according to the mathematical custom, the numbering goes counter-clockwise starting from the upper right ("northeast") quadrant.
Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares is strongly related with the theory of Gaussian primes.. A Gaussian integer is a complex number + such that a and b are integers. The norm (+) = + of a Gaussian integer is an integer equal to the square of the absolute value of the Gaussian integer.
A split-complex number has two real number components x and y, and is written = +. The conjugate of z is z ∗ = x − y j . {\displaystyle z^{*}=x-yj.} Since j 2 = 1 , {\displaystyle j^{2}=1,} the product of a number z with its conjugate is N ( z ) := z z ∗ = x 2 − y 2 , {\displaystyle N(z):=zz^{*}=x^{2}-y^{2},} an isotropic quadratic form .
Furthermore, if x is a square or twice a square, then each of a and b is a square or twice a square. There are three cases, depending on which two sides are postulated to each be a square or twice a square: y and z: In this case, y and z are both squares. But then the right triangle with legs and and hypotenuse also would have integer sides ...
In mathematics, Legendre's three-square theorem states that a natural number can be represented as the sum of three squares of integers n = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 {\displaystyle n=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}} if and only if n is not of the form n = 4 a ( 8 b + 7 ) {\displaystyle n=4^{a}(8b+7)} for nonnegative integers a and b .