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The first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus provides external information on some people and events found in the New Testament. [1] The extant manuscripts of Josephus' book Antiquities of the Jews, written around AD 93–94, contain two references to Jesus of Nazareth and one reference to John the Baptist.
Josephus's works are the chief source next to the Bible for the history and antiquity of ancient Israel, and provide an independent extra-biblical account of such figures as Pontius Pilate, Herod the Great, John the Baptist, James, brother of Jesus, and Jesus of Nazareth.
Josephus was personally involved in Galilee when he was the commander of Jewish forces during the revolt against Roman occupation and trained 65,000 fighters in the region. [103] Jesus is referenced by Josephus twice, once in Book 18 and once in Book 20 of Antiquities of the Jews, written around AD 93 to 94.
Werner Eck, in his list of terms for governors of Judea found in the works of Josephus, shows that, while in the early work, The Jewish War, Josephus uses epitropos less consistently, the first governor to be referred to by the term in Antiquities of the Jews was Cuspius Fadus, (who was in office AD 44–46). [45]
Whereas the works of Josephus refer to at least twenty different people with the name Jesus, this passage specifies that this Jesus was the one "who was called Christ". [26] [27] Louis Feldman states that this passage, above others, indicates that Josephus did say something about Jesus. [28]
A leaf from the 1466 manuscript of the Antiquitates Iudaice, National Library of Poland. Antiquities of the Jews (Latin: Antiquitates Iudaicae; Greek: Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία, Ioudaikē archaiologia) is a 20-volume historiographical work, written in Greek, by historian Josephus in the 13th year of the reign of Roman emperor Domitian, which was 94 CE. [1]
It has been claimed that the author of Acts used the writings of Josephus (specifically Antiquities of the Jews) as a historical source. [13] [14] The majority of scholars reject both this claim and the claim that Josephus borrowed from Acts, [15] [16] [17] arguing instead that Luke and Josephus drew on common traditions and historical sources.
The works of Josephus refer to at least twenty different people with the name Jesus. There is a scholarly consensus that Jesus son of Damneus is distinct from the figure identified as "Jesus called Christ", who is mentioned along with the identification of James. [ 6 ]