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  2. Ionocyte - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionocyte

    An ionocyte (formerly called a chloride cell) is a mitochondrion-rich cell within ionoregulatory organs of animals, such as teleost fish gill, insect Malpighian tubules, crustacean gills, antennal glands and maxillary glands, and copepod Crusalis organs. [1]

  3. Marine biogeochemical cycles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles

    The two most prevalent ions in seawater are chloride and sodium. Together, they make up around 85 per cent of all dissolved ions in the ocean. Magnesium and sulfate ions make up most of the rest. Salinity varies with temperature, evaporation, and precipitation. It is generally low at the equator and poles, and high at mid-latitudes. [12]

  4. Chlorine cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_cycle

    Oceans are the largest source of chlorine in the Earth's hydrosphere. [2] In the hydrosphere, chlorine exists primarily as chloride due to the high solubility of the Cl − ion. [ 3 ] The majority of chlorine fluxes are within the hydrosphere due to chloride ions' solubility and reactivity within water systems. [ 2 ]

  5. Cytosol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol

    The loss of sodium and chloride ions compensates for the osmotic effect of the higher concentration of organic molecules inside the cell. [27] Cells can deal with even larger osmotic changes by accumulating osmoprotectants such as betaines or trehalose in their cytosol. [27] Some of these molecules can allow cells to survive being completely ...

  6. Marine prokaryotes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes

    Some eukaryotic cells also use flagella—and they can be found in some protists and plants as well as animal cells. Eukaryotic flagella are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth, rather than in a circular motion. Prokaryotic flagella use a rotary motor, and the eukaryotic flagella use a complex sliding filament system.

  7. Sodium in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology

    The sodium–potassium pump, a critical enzyme for regulating sodium and potassium levels in cells. Sodium ions (Na +) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, [1] but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts [1] by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance.

  8. Marine chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chemistry

    Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of the chemical composition and processes of the world’s oceans, including the interactions between seawater, the atmosphere, the seafloor, and marine organisms. [2]

  9. Seawater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater

    The sodium and chloride ions subsequently became the most abundant constituents of sea salt. Ocean salinity has been stable for billions of years, most likely as a consequence of a chemical/ tectonic system which removes as much salt as is deposited; for instance, sodium and chloride sinks include evaporite deposits, pore-water burial, and ...

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    chloride and sodium in oceanschloride and sulfate in ocean