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The most common symptoms are nausea and vertigo. [21] 0.05% [22] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A rare neurological disorder affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 people, most of whom are women of child-bearing age. IIH results in a raised intracranial pressure and can lead to permanent loss of vision.
Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), also known as abusive head trauma (AHT), is a controversial and scientifically disputed [4] [5] [6] medical condition in children younger than five years old, [3] hypothesized to be caused by blunt trauma, vigorous shaking, or a combination of both.
Shunt surgery is one of the most common procedures in pediatric neurosurgery. Significant advances in shunt technology and surgical approaches have been made over the years. However, the lifetime risk for a revision surgery of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in pediatric patients can reach up to 80%. [59] Shunt failure rates are also high.
In children, cognitive difficulty and developmental delay have been seen in a range of severities. Mild developmental delay is characterized by motor and neurological development that is no greater than 2 standard deviations below average for the age of the child, and moderate delay is characterized by greater than 2 standard deviations below.
IVH in the preterm brain usually arises from the germinal matrix whereas IVH in the term infants originates from the choroid plexus. However, it is particularly common in premature infants or those of very low birth weight. [9] The cause of IVH in premature infants, unlike that in older infants, children or adults, is rarely due to trauma.
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Hydrocephalus is a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain, potentially leading to brain damage and death. It is corrected by a shunt which drains excess CSF from the brain to the abdomen. Shunts fail, typically by obstruction – a life-threatening medical condition requiring the surgical replacement of the shunt.
Age Etiology Previous Shunt 0 < 1 month: Post-infectious: Previous shunt 10: 1 month to < 6 months: No previous shunt 20: Myelomeningocele, intraventricular hemorrhage, non-tectal brain tumor: 30: 6 months to < 1 year: Aqueductal stenosis, tectal brain tumor, other etiology: 40: 1 year to < 10 years: 50: ≥ 10 years