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These genetically modified plants with Bt protein are grown on a large scale around the world. [2] Monsanto's corn line MON 810 is produced by ballistically transforming another corn line with a plasmid, PV-ZMCT10. [3] This plasmid has a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and hsp70 maize intron sequences which drive the expression of the ...
Bt maize / Bt corn is a variant of maize that has been genetically altered to express one or more proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis [8] including Delta endotoxins. The protein is poisonous to certain insect pests. Spores of the bacillus are widely used in organic gardening, [9] although GM corn is not considered organic.
MON 802 is an Insect Resistant maize under license from Monsanto Company. [2] Corn line MON802 was developed through genetic modification to be tolerant [3] to glyphosate herbicide and protect the plant from the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) (the Bt trait).
Non-target organisms were unaffected, except for lower populations some parasitoid wasps due to decreased populations of their pest host European corn borer; European corn borer is a target of Lepidoptera active Bt maize. Biogeochemical parameters such as lignin content did not vary, while biomass decomposition was higher.
In 1995 Monsanto's potato plants producing Bt toxin were approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, following approval by the FDA, making it the first pesticide-producing crop to be approved in the United States. [128] Monsanto subsequently developed Bt maize (MON 802, MON 809, MON 863, MON 810), Bt soybean [129] and Bt cotton.
StarLink is a brand of transgenic maize containing two modifications: a gene for resistance to glufosinate, and a variant of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein called Cry9C. [2] Cry9C had not been used in a GM crop prior to StarLink, causing heightened regulatory scrutiny. [3]
A 2002 review of the scientific literature concluded that "the commercial large-scale cultivation of current Bt–maize hybrids did not pose a significant risk to the monarch population" and noted that despite large-scale planting of genetically modified crops, the butterfly's population was increasing. [278]
Its discovery was based on studying its genetic behavior, i.e., "jumping genes" in maize and published by Barbara McClintock, [3] [4] leading to her 1983 Nobel Prize in Medicine. The Ac/Ds transposable elements were first isolated and sequenced By Fedoroff et al. 1983 [ 5 ] using insertions of Ac and Ds into the well-studied Waxy(Wx1) gene.