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The expression for the infinitesimal reversible change in the Gibbs free energy as a function of its "natural variables" p and T, for an open system, subjected to the operation of external forces (for instance, electrical or magnetic) X i, which cause the external parameters of the system a i to change by an amount da i, can be derived as ...
The standard example of a longitudinal wave is a sound wave or "pressure wave" in gases, liquids, or solids, whose oscillations cause compression and expansion of the material through which the wave is propagating. Pressure waves are called "primary waves", or "P-waves" in geophysics. Water waves involve both longitudinal and transverse motions ...
Increase of amplitude as damping decreases and frequency approaches resonant frequency of a driven damped simple harmonic oscillator. [1] [2]Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when an object or system is subjected to an external force or vibration that matches its resonant frequency, defined as the frequency that generates the maximum amplitude response in the system.
Also the high variance in density within the body makes it hard to determine its effects. [30] Ultrasound sometimes is used to increase bone formation, for instance in post-surgical applications. [31] It has been suggested that the sound of "cracking" knuckles derives from the collapse of cavitation in the synovial fluid within the joint. [32]
A megatsunami is a tsunami with an initial wave amplitude measured in many tens or hundreds of metres.The term "megatsunami" has been defined by media and has no precise definition, although it is commonly taken to refer to tsunamis over 100 metres (330 ft) high. [2]
In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high-energy accelerators, [68] detectors, [69] and computer programs [70] necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles. [71]
Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind power, and hydropower. Bioenergy and geothermal power are also significant in some countries.
In high power VLF transmitters, to increase the allowable data rate, a special form of FSK called minimum-shift keying (MSK) is used. This is required due to the high Q of the antenna. [ 9 ] : 3.2–3.4, §3.1.1 The huge capacitively-loaded antenna and loading coil form a high Q tuned circuit , which stores oscillating electrical energy.