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Few urethral diverticula are present at birth; the vast majority are acquired. Acquired urethral diverticula can be caused by trauma and/or infection. [1] When the peri-urethral ducts become infected repeatedly, they can become blocked and eventually cause a diverticulum.
Posterior urethral valves (PUV) is an obstruction at the level of the urethra. It occurs in approximately 1 in every 5000 to 8000 live births and only occurs in males. [ 1 ] Since PUV always affects both sides of the urinary tract, patients with posterior urethral valves are at the greatest risk for developing chronic kidney disease and end ...
Epiphrenic diverticula are due to dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter, as in achalasia. [5] A duodenal diverticulum can be found incidentally in 23% of normal people undergoing imaging. It can be either congenital or acquired, but the acquired form is more common and is due to the weakness of the duodenal wall, which causes protrusions.
Bladder infection. The bacteria that cause urinary tract infections typically enter the bladder via the urethra. However, infection may also occur via the blood or lymph. [7] It is believed that the bacteria are usually transmitted to the urethra from the bowel, with females at greater risk due to their anatomy. [7]
Posterior urethral valve (PUV) disorder is an obstructive developmental anomaly in the urethra and genitourinary system of male newborns. [1] A posterior urethral valve is an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development. It is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns.
Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen. [1] [3] Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent, or surgery. [1] Males are more often affected than females. [1] In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year. [1]
Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. [1] It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out. [3]
Complications may include recurrent urinary tract infections and urinary retention. [1] [7] Cystocele and a prolapsed urethra often occur together and is called a cystourethrocele. [8] Cystocele can negatively affect quality of life. [9] [10] Causes include childbirth, constipation, chronic cough, heavy lifting, hysterectomy, genetics, and ...