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African trypanosomiasis is an insect-borne parasitic infection of humans and other animals. [3]Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as African sleeping sickness or simply sleeping sickness, is caused by the species Trypanosoma brucei. [3]
The tsetse fly bite erupts into a red chancre sore and within a few weeks, the person can experience fever, swollen lymph glands, blood in urine, aching muscles and joints, headaches and irritability. In the first phase, the patient has only intermittent bouts of fever with lymphadenopathy together with other non-specific signs and symptoms.
A sketch of two women suffering from Winterbottom's Sign. Winterbottom's sign is a swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) along the posterior cervical lymph node chain, associated with the early phase of African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), a disease caused by the parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies [3]), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs), and leishmaniasis (a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of Leishmania transmitted by sandflies [4]).
A chancre (/ ˈ ʃ æ ŋ k ər / SHANG-kər) [1] is a painless genital ulcer most commonly formed during the primary stage of syphilis. [2] This infectious lesion forms around 21 days after the initial exposure to Treponema pallidum , the gram-negative spirochaete bacterium causing syphilis, but can range from 10 to 90 days. [ 2 ]
Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Trypanosomatidae [1]), a monophyletic [2] group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa.Trypanosoma is part of the phylum Euglenozoa. [3]
Trypanosoma brucei is a species of parasitic kinetoplastid belonging to the genus Trypanosoma that is present in sub-Saharan Africa.Unlike other protozoan parasites that normally infect blood and tissue cells, it is exclusively extracellular and inhabits the blood plasma and body fluids. [1]
Trypanosoma cruzi is a species of parasitic euglenoids.Among the protozoa, the trypanosomes characteristically bore tissue in another organism and feed on blood (primarily) and also lymph.