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In cardiology, an Austin Flint murmur is a low-pitched rumbling heart murmur which is best heard at the cardiac apex. [1] It can be a mid-diastolic [2] or presystolic murmur. [3] It is associated with severe aortic regurgitation, although the role of this sign in clinical practice has been questioned. [4]
Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal.
Aortic valve stenosis is a crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur. It is best heard at the right upper sternal border (aortic area). It sometimes radiates to the carotid arteries. In mild aortic stenosis, the crescendo-decrescendo is early peaking. Whereas in severe aortic stenosis, the crescendo is late-peaking.
Generally, this is a very rarely heard murmur, even though aortic valve regurgitation is not so rare. Aortic regurgitation, though obvious using echocardiography visualization, usually does not produce an audible murmur. [citation needed] Stenosis of the mitral valve, if severe, also rarely produces an audible, low frequency soft rumbling ...
Pulmonary regurgitation: Pulmonary regurgitation is most commonly due to pulmonary hypertension (Graham-Steell murmur). It is a high-pitched and blowing murmur with a decrescendo configuration. It may increase in intensity during inspiration and best heard over left second and third intercostal spaces. The murmur usually does not extend to S1.
Duroziez's sign is a sign of aortic insufficiency. [1] It consists of an audible diastolic murmur which can be heard over the femoral artery when it is compressed with the bell of a stethoscope.
The harsh noisy component is best heard at the upper right sternal border radiating to the neck due to the high velocity jet in the ascending aorta. The musical high frequency component is best heard at the cardiac apex. [1] The presence of a murmur at the apex can be misinterpreted as mitral regurgitation.
aortic insufficiency: mid-diastolic rumble heard at apex Babinski sign: Joseph Babinski: neurology: abnormal plantar reflex: Kumar SP, Ramasubramanian D (December 2000). "The Babinski sign—a reappraisal". Neurol India. 48 (4): 314– 8. PMID 11146592