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A CDC infographic on how antibiotic-resistant bacteria have the potential to spread from farm animals. The use of antibiotics in the husbandry of livestock includes treatment when ill (therapeutic), treatment of a group of animals when at least one is diagnosed with clinical infection (metaphylaxis [1]), and preventative treatment (prophylaxis).
In 2009, Rep. Louise Slaughter introduced HR 1549, otherwise known as The Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (PAMTA). Under this bill, medically important antibiotics would be phased out in livestock and other restrictions would be placed on antibiotic use in food-producing animals. [17]
In a literature review conducted by the Review of Antimicrobial Resistance 100 out of 139 studies found evidence of a link between antibiotic use in animals and antibiotic resistance in consumers. [6] When a gram-negative bacterial infection is suspected in a patient, one of the first-line options for treatment is in the fluoroquinolone family.
Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth; [4] they are usually effective against a limited number of parasites within a particular class. Antiparasitics are one of the antimicrobial drugs which include antibiotics that target bacteria, and antifungals that target fungi.
clamoxyquine – antiparasitic to treat salmonids for infection with the myxozoan parasite, Myxobolus cerebralis clavamox – antibiotic, used to treat skin and other infections clindamycin – antibiotic with particular use in dental infections with effects against most aerobic Gram-positive cocci, as wel as muchenionoweloozi disorder.
Doramectin, sold under the brand name Dectomax among others, is a veterinary medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of parasites such as gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms, eyeworms, grubs, sucking lice, and mange mites in cattle. [1] [2] It is available as a generic medication. [3]
Moxidectin is an anthelmintic drug used in animals to prevent or control parasitic worms , such as heartworm and intestinal worms, in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and wombats. [4] Moxidectin kills some of the most common internal and external parasites by selectively binding to a parasite's glutamate-gated chloride ion channels .
Antibiotics are constructed to act in one of three ways: by disrupting cell membranes of bacteria (rendering them unable to regulate themselves), by impeding DNA or protein synthesis, or by hampering the activity of certain enzymes unique to bacteria. [1] Antibiotics are used in aquaculture to treat diseases caused by bacteria. [2]