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Illustration of bottom up and top down approach to heap sort. Bottom-up and top-down are both strategies of information processing and ordering knowledge, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice they can be seen as a style of thinking ...
The term design thinking has been used to refer to a specific cognitive style (thinking like a designer), a general theory of design (a way of understanding how designers work), and a set of pedagogical resources (through which organisations or inexperienced designers can learn to approach complex problems in a designerly way).
The design disciplines build on their own traditions and have a certain way of working with problems, often referred to as design thinking [note 1] [7] [8] [9] or the design way. [10] Design thinking is a creative process based on the "building up" of ideas. This style of thinking is one of the advantages of the designer and is the reason why ...
A few research efforts have been found in this area. Blessing [12] proposes the process-based support system (PROSUS) based on a model of the design process rather than the product. It uses a design matrix to represent the design process as a structured set of issues and activities. Together with the common product data model (CPDM), PROSUS ...
Systems thinking in design has a long history with origins in the design methods movement during the 1960s and 1970s, such as the idea of wicked problems developed by Horst Rittel. [9] The theories about complexity help the management of an entire system, and the suggested design approaches help the planning of different divergent elements.
While the top-down orientation supports a horizontal team organization, bottom-up approaches try to provide generalized components or services, leading to a better user satisfaction. [4] The collaborative identification of goals introduced by GDP allows combining top-down with bottom-up aspects (“ top-down thinking and bottom-up acting ...
The methodology "covers a sequence of high level tasks for the effective design, development and deployment" of a data warehouse or business intelligence system. [1] It is considered a "bottom-up" approach to data warehousing as pioneered by Ralph Kimball, in contrast to the older "top-down" approach pioneered by Bill Inmon. [2]
Both-ends-against-the-middle (BEATM) design is a design process that endeavors to combine the best features of top–down design, and bottom–up design into one process. A BEATM design process flow may begin with an emergent technology that suggests solutions that may have value, or it may begin with a top–down view of an important problem ...