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All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties.
Some of the Italian states were under the rule of powerful dynasties: the Medici in Tuscany, the Farnese in Parma, the Este in Modena, and the Savoy in Piedmont. Nearly half of Italy, the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and the Duchy of Milan were under the rule of the Spanish Empire. [4] [5]
Napoleon conquered most of Italy in 1797–99. He set up a series of new republics, complete with new codes of law and abolition of old feudal privileges. Napoleon's Cisalpine Republic was centered on Milan. Genoa the city became a republic while its hinterland became the Ligurian Republic.
The Italian city states were also highly numerate, given the importance of the new forms of bookkeeping that were essential to the trading and mercantile basis of society. Some of the most widely circulating books, such as the Liber Abaci by Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa, included applications of mathematics and arithmetic to business practice [ 7 ...
The Italian population may have grown as well: three censuses were ordered by Augustus, in his role as Roman censor, in order to record the number of Roman citizens throughout the empire. The surviving totals were 4,063,000 in 28 BC, 4,233,000 in 8 BC, and 4,937,000 in AD 14, but it is still debated whether these counted all citizens, all adult ...
Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439) Byzantine Empire (330–1204) Taruma Kingdom (358–669) Kamarupa (4th century – 12th century) Melayu Kingdom (4th century – 13th century) Deira (6th century) Europe. Athens (until 338 BC) Sparta (c. 900 BC–146 BC) Macedonian Kingdom (808 BC–146 BC) Roman Kingdom (c. 750 BC–c. 510 BC) Ancient Corinth (747 ...
The Italian Army breaks into the walls of Rome by the breach of Porta Pia. 2 October: Rome replaces Florence as the capital city of Italy. 2 October: Italian Prime Minister Lanza holds a plebiscite in Rome and the citizens overwhelming vote in favor of union with Italy. 9 October
The history of Italy in the Middle Ages can be roughly defined as the time between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance. Late antiquity in Italy lingered on into the 7th century under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty, the Byzantine Papacy until the mid 8th century.