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One of Pauling's examples is olivine, M 2 SiO 4, where M is a mixture of Mg 2+ at some sites and Fe 2+ at others. The structure contains distinct SiO 4 tetrahedra which do not share any oxygens (at corners, edges or faces) with each other. The lower-valence Mg 2+ and Fe 2+ cations are surrounded by polyhedra which do share oxygens.
In the traditional Hong Kong scoring system or the Cantonese scoring system, scoring tends to be low due to the few criteria used. The general scoring modifiers apply (see above), with the point translation function being a piecewise function: a constant amount is given for scoreless hands, and the score is doubled for each point (that is, an exponential function).
Most codes of football from before 1863 provided only one means of scoring (typically called the "goal", although Harrow football used the word "base"). [7] The two major exceptions (the Eton field game and Sheffield rules, which borrowed the concept from Eton) both used the "rouge" (a touchdown, somewhat similar to a try in today's rugby) as a tie-breaker.
There are a number of other metrics, most simply the accuracy or Fraction Correct (FC), which measures the fraction of all instances that are correctly categorized; the complement is the Fraction Incorrect (FiC). The F-score combines precision and recall into one number via a choice of weighing, most simply equal weighing, as the balanced F-score .
The quadratic scoring rule is a strictly proper scoring rule (,) = = =where is the probability assigned to the correct answer and is the number of classes.. The Brier score, originally proposed by Glenn W. Brier in 1950, [4] can be obtained by an affine transform from the quadratic scoring rule.
The ISU Judging System or the International Judging System (IJS), occasionally referred to as the Code of Points (COP) system, [1] is the scoring system that has been used since 2004 to judge the figure skating disciplines of men's and ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and synchronized skating.
Subsequently, Ciavatta [2] developed the theory further in 1980. The activity coefficient of the jth ion in solution is written as γ j when concentrations are on the molal concentration scale and as y j when concentrations are on the molar concentration scale. (The molality scale is preferred in thermodynamics because molal concentrations are ...
3–2–1 as in the Greek League 1959–73; [3] or 4–2–1. Giving 1 point extra in each case for losing may be simply cosmetic, but does allow for awarding 0 points for forfeiting a match. (The FIFA standard is to count a forfeit as a 3–0 defeat.) The USL W-League in 2002 gave 4–1–0 with a bonus point for scoring three goals. [4]