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Corporate titles or business titles are given to company and organization officials to show what job function, and seniority, a person has within an organisation. [1] The most senior roles, marked by signing authority, are often referred to as "C-level", "C-suite" or "CxO" positions because many of them start with the word "chief". [2]
There are considerable variations in the composition and responsibilities of corporate titles. Within the corporate office or corporate center of a corporation, some corporations have a chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) as the top-ranking executive, while the number two is the president and chief operating officer (COO); other corporations have a president and CEO but no official deputy.
The responsibilities of board secretary include preparing meetings of shareholders and boards of directors, maintaining company records and shareholders information, dealing with information disclosure etc. Relevant listing rules in China further clarify that the secretary of the Board is a managerial position.
The AoA defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors. Articles of association are critical documents to corporate operations, as they may regulate both internal and external affairs. [1]
The definition of corporate responsibilities through a classification of stakeholders to consider has been criticized as creating a false dichotomy between the "shareholder model" and the "stakeholder model", [2] or a false analogy of the obligations towards shareholders and other interested parties. [3]
A beneficial shareholder is the person or legal entity that has the economic benefit of ownership of the shares, while a nominee shareholder is the person or entity that is on the corporation's register of members as the owner while being in reality that person acts for the benefit or at the direction of the beneficial owner, whether disclosed or not.
The company is managed on behalf of the shareholders by a board of directors, elected at an annual general meeting. [3] The shareholders also vote to accept or reject an annual report and audited set of accounts. Individual shareholders can sometimes stand for directorships within the company if a vacancy occurs, but that is uncommon.
By convention, most common law jurisdictions divide the constitutional documents of companies into two separate documents: [1]. the Memorandum of Association (in some countries referred to as the Articles of Incorporation) is the primary document, and will generally regulate the company's activities with the outside world, such as the company's objects and powers.