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Effect of different solutions on red blood cells Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells. In chemical biology, tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane.
Pharmacotoxicology entails the study of the consequences of toxic exposure to pharmaceutical drugs and agents in the health care field. The field of pharmacotoxicology also involves the treatment and prevention of pharmaceutically induced side effects.
The term isotonic may refer to: . Isotonic (exercise physiology), a type of muscle contraction Isotonic regression, a type of numerical analysis; Isotonic, one of three types of tonicity that characterize a solution's concentration; see Tonicity#Isotonicity
Topics of pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs).The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection).
The 1699 Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography pharmacopœia, meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.
The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is a system to differentiate drugs on the basis of their solubility and permeability. [1]This system restricts the prediction using the parameters solubility and intestinal permeability.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood.Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. [1]
Physical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy that concentrates on the applications of physics and chemistry to the study of pharmacy. In other words, it is the study of the effects that dosage forms have on their environment by addressing issues at the molecular level. [ 1 ]