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In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bond formation when the molecular geometry deviates ...
Chemist Linus Pauling first developed the hybridisation theory in 1931 to explain the structure of simple molecules such as methane (CH 4) using atomic orbitals. [2] Pauling pointed out that a carbon atom forms four bonds by using one s and three p orbitals, so that "it might be inferred" that a carbon atom would form three bonds at right angles (using p orbitals) and a fourth weaker bond ...
Shape of water molecule showing that the real bond angle 104.5° deviates from the ideal sp 3 angle of 109.5°. In chemistry, Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents. [1] [2] The rule was stated by Henry A. Bent as follows: [2]
In chemistry, a trigonal pyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the apex and three atoms at the corners of a trigonal base, resembling a tetrahedron (not to be confused with the tetrahedral geometry). When all three atoms at the corners are identical, the molecule belongs to point group C 3v.
In organic chemistry, neighbouring group participation (NGP, also known as anchimeric assistance) has been defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) as the interaction of a reaction centre with a lone pair of electrons in an atom or the electrons present in a sigma or pi bond contained within the parent molecule but not conjugated with the reaction centre.
In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridization. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp 2-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that is not involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp ...
Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to: Hybridization (biology) , the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid Orbital hybridization , in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals
Since three-membered rings are very strained (bond angles forced to be 60˚), sp 3 hybridization is more favorable than sp 2 hybridization. For the sp 3 hybridized hydrate the bonds have to be distorted by about 49˚, while for the sp 2 hybridized ketone the bond angle distortion is about 60˚.