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However, trailing zeros may be useful for indicating the number of significant figures, for example in a measurement. In such a context, "simplifying" a number by removing trailing zeros would be incorrect. The number of trailing zeros in a non-zero base-b integer n equals the exponent of the highest power of b that divides n.
In numerical analysis, a root-finding algorithm is an algorithm for finding zeros, also called "roots", of continuous functions. A zero of a function f is a number x such that f(x) = 0. As, generally, the zeros of a function cannot be computed exactly nor expressed in closed form, root-finding
A nearly equivalent operation is count trailing zeros (ctz) or number of trailing zeros (ntz), which counts the number of zero bits following the least significant one bit. The complementary operation that finds the index or position of the most significant set bit is log base 2 , so called because it computes the binary logarithm ⌊log 2 (x ...
In number theory, the Kempner function [1] is defined for a given positive integer to be the smallest number such that divides the factorial!. For example, the number 8 {\displaystyle 8} does not divide 1 ! {\displaystyle 1!} , 2 ! {\displaystyle 2!} , or 3 ! {\displaystyle 3!} , but does divide 4 ! {\displaystyle 4!} , so S ( 8 ) = 4 ...
Legendre's formula describes the exponents of the prime numbers in a prime factorization of the factorials, and can be used to count the trailing zeros of the factorials. Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler interpolated the factorial function to a continuous function of complex numbers, except at the negative integers, the (offset) gamma function.
Suppose that we perturb a polynomial p(x) = Π (x − α j) with roots α j by adding a small multiple t·c(x) of a polynomial c(x), and ask how this affects the roots α j.To first order, the change in the roots will be controlled by the derivative = ′ ().
Algorithm X with Knuth's suggested heuristic for selecting columns solves this problem as follows: Level 0. Step 1—The matrix is not empty, so the algorithm proceeds. Step 2—The lowest number of 1s in any column is two. Column 1 is the first column with two 1s and thus is selected (deterministically):
Another related problem is the bottleneck travelling salesman problem: Find a Hamiltonian cycle in a weighted graph with the minimal weight of the weightiest edge. A real-world example is avoiding narrow streets with big buses. [15] The problem is of considerable practical importance, apart from evident transportation and logistics areas.