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In relational databases a virtual column is a table column whose value(s) is automatically computed using other columns values, or another deterministic expression. Virtual columns are defined of SQL:2003 as Generated Column, [1] and are only implemented by some DBMSs, like MariaDB, SQL Server, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite and Firebird (database server) (COMPUTED BY syntax).
A query includes a list of columns to include in the final result, normally immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk ("*") can be used to specify that the query should return all columns of the queried tables. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with optional keywords and clauses that include:
The ALTER statement modifies an existing database object. An ALTER statement in SQL changes the properties of an object inside of a relational database management system (RDBMS). The types of objects that can be altered depends on which RDBMS is being used. The typical usage is: ALTER objecttype objectname parameters.
easily changing the order of columns, or removing a column; easily adding a new column if many elements of the new column are left blank (if the column is inserted and the existing fields are unnamed, use a named parameter for the new field to avoid adding blank parameter values to many template calls)
It can refer to a single column, or multiple columns of the table. The result of the predicate can be either TRUE , FALSE , or UNKNOWN , depending on the presence of NULLs . If the predicate evaluates to UNKNOWN , then the constraint is not violated and the row can be inserted or updated in the table.
A query includes a list of columns to include in the final result, normally immediately following the SELECT keyword. An asterisk ("*") can be used to specify that the query should return all columns of all the queried tables. SELECT is the most complex statement in SQL, with optional keywords and clauses that include:
Using an INSERT statement with RETURNING clause for PostgreSQL (since 8.2). The returned list is identical to the result of a INSERT. Firebird has the same syntax in Data Modification Language statements (DSQL); the statement may add at most one row. [2] In stored procedures, triggers and execution blocks (PSQL) the aforementioned Oracle syntax ...
The syntax to add such a constraint to an existing table is defined in SQL:2003 as shown below. Omitting the column list in the REFERENCES clause implies that the foreign key shall reference the primary key of the referenced table. Likewise, foreign keys can be defined as part of the CREATE TABLE SQL statement.