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An adjacency list representation for a graph associates each vertex in the graph with the collection of its neighbouring vertices or edges. There are many variations of this basic idea, differing in the details of how they implement the association between vertices and collections, in how they implement the collections, in whether they include both vertices and edges or only vertices as first ...
Cascading can be implemented in terms of chaining by having the methods return the target object (receiver, this, self).However, this requires that the method be implemented this way already – or the original object be wrapped in another object that does this – and that the method not return some other, potentially useful value (or nothing if that would be more appropriate, as in setters).
Smalltalk's OrderedCollection is a dynamic array with dynamic start and end-index, making the removal of the first element also O(1). Python's list datatype implementation is a dynamic array the growth pattern of which is: 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 52, 64, 76, ... [29] Delphi and D implement dynamic arrays at the language's core.
The basic algorithm above makes two comparisons per iteration: one to check if L i equals T, and the other to check if i still points to a valid index of the list. By adding an extra record L n to the list (a sentinel value) that equals the target, the second comparison can be eliminated until the end of the search, making the algorithm faster ...
Even though the row is indicated by the first index and the column by the second index, no grouping order between the dimensions is implied by this. The choice of how to group and order the indices, either by row-major or column-major methods, is thus a matter of convention. The same terminology can be applied to even higher dimensional arrays.
The fundamental idea behind array programming is that operations apply at once to an entire set of values. This makes it a high-level programming model as it allows the programmer to think and operate on whole aggregates of data, without having to resort to explicit loops of individual scalar operations.
list may reference a LinkedList, an ArrayList, or some other subtype of List. The method referenced by add is not known until runtime. In C, which does not have dynamic binding, a similar goal may be achieved by a call to a function pointed to by a variable or expression of a function pointer type, whose value is unknown until it is evaluated ...
It is available in Java as the "ArrayList" type and in Python as the "list" type. A dynamic array may be implemented by a data structure consisting of an array A of items, of some length N, together with a number n ≤ N representing the positions within the array that have been used so far.