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Stapedectomy is a surgical procedure in which the stapes bone is removed from the middle ear and replaced with a prosthesis. If the stapes footplate is fixed in position, rather than being normally mobile, the result is a conductive hearing loss .
If the mobility of the stapes is reduced due to otosclerosis, then stapedius muscle contraction does not significantly decrease the admittance. When acoustic reflex testing is conducted, the acoustic reflex thresholds (ART) cannot be determined when attempting to measure on the affected side. Also, a conductive pathology will attenuate the test ...
Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics, the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration. Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction. This ...
6 Potential Long-Term Effects of Ozempic. You may have heard about — or maybe even experienced — the short-term side effects of Ozempic® — such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea.
Other anti-dopaminergic drugs, like the antiemetic metoclopramide, can also result in extrapyramidal side effects. [6] Short and long-term use of antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRI) have also resulted ...
For example, increasing evidence suggests that long-term estrogen therapy raises the risk of breast cancer, [10] drugs used to reduce stomach acid have been linked to numerous future health problems, [11] and long-term blood pressure medication use can cause a number of side effects. [12]
Tadalafil Side Effects Long-Term. There are no known long-term side effects of tadalafil. In fact, studies have shown this medication is well tolerated over the long term (if you can handle the ...
Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [1] [2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [1]
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